Print Edition – The Stanford Daily https://stanforddaily.com Breaking news from the Farm since 1892 Wed, 06 Nov 2013 20:04:56 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.4.3 https://stanforddaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/cropped-DailyIcon-CardinalRed.png?w=32 Print Edition – The Stanford Daily https://stanforddaily.com 32 32 204779320 Seeing Green: For Everything, A Season https://stanforddaily.com/2013/11/06/seeing-green-for-everything-a-season/ https://stanforddaily.com/2013/11/06/seeing-green-for-everything-a-season/#comments Wed, 06 Nov 2013 20:04:56 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1080237 FREDERICTON, N.B. – Daniel Boisclair, calm, alert, and with a subtle French accent, took the floor promptly at 9am to open the second day of talks at the Aquatic Reserve Networks meeting. Like most of us at the workshop, his research at the intersection of mathematics and biology had to do with fish. As he […]

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FREDERICTON, N.B. – Daniel Boisclair, calm, alert, and with a subtle French accent, took the floor promptly at 9am to open the second day of talks at the Aquatic Reserve Networks meeting.

Like most of us at the workshop, his research at the intersection of mathematics and biology had to do with fish. As he put it, the biological questions are simple: “How many fish are there? Where are they? What are they doing?”

But when it comes to understanding the policy implications, things quickly get more complicated.

Professor Boisclair, in particular, wants to know what happens to river-dwelling fish that share their foraging and breeding habitat with other human uses, like hydroelectric power.

Canada, his home country, currently gets 60% of its electricity from 500 hydropower facilities installed across its broad Northern expanse. This renewable energy source is a terrific boon for people concerned with greenhouse gas emissions, as well as those who want to avoid further exploitation of limited and dirty fossil fuel supplies. But each new set of dams and turbines adds an additional obstacle for migratory fish stocks, many of whose numbers are already depleted by fishing and other forms of habitat loss, like pollution, or diversion for irrigation and other water use.

One way to compensate for the competing interests between fisheries and conservation, and energy and water, is to use temporally variable management. For example, power plants can shut down some of their turbines during spawning runs to allow safe passage of adult fish.

Seasonal management strategies aren’t new to fishery management, though typically they focus on the time of the year when recreational and commercial fishermen can legally harvest a species. (For example, the California recreational Dungeness crabbing season just opened this weekend.)

Limiting the fishing season of a particular species helps to conserve it in several ways. First, it cuts down on the amount of fishing effort that the species is exposed to, meaning that an individual fish has a reduced chance of being hooked and eaten. Second, seasons are typically timed to protect a species at its most vulnerable time of the year. For example, ideally you’d want to hold off on harvesting fish until after they’d completed that year’s spawning cycle, to maximize the number of new offspring that would make it into the next year’s breeding pool.

Perhaps most importantly, though, setting fishing seasons helps regulators walk a fine and enforceable line between the needs of the fish stocks they try to manage sustainably, and the economic and social politics of the communities that have harvested these fish for years, if not generations. Fishing seasons allow some harvest to occur – sustaining at least a portion of the economic base of the industry, but theoretically prevent the overfishing – and eventual collapse – of the species.

Of course, restricting someone’s access to his or her livelihood or favorite weekend activity is hardly going to make you good friends. While hunters and fishermen are often among the most vocal advocates for regulations (Of course they don’t want to see the game they love driven to the brink of extinction!), sometimes the strict management required can be a tough pill to swallow.

The social side of the dynamic becomes much more complicated once multiple regulatory agencies become involved. For example, many fish stocks span international boundaries, which means that several governments must agree on a common policy goal and, more importantly, its implementation.

The difficulty of achieving such international accord was highlighted last week, when the United States and New Zealand tried to establish a half-million square mile marine reserve off the coast of Antarctica. The reserve would have been the largest in the world, creating a safe haven for many marine species that call the Southern Ocean home, including several species of whales and penguins, the charismatic heroes of many a children’s story.

But the reserve would be closed to fishing. So China, Russia, and the Ukraine balked at its establishment, and the conservation effort fell short.

The Antarctic negotiation represents a single example in an ongoing series that will only become more complicated as our demands on the planet’s natural resources increase and diversify. Even as we get better at monitoring and stabilizing our fishery stocks, we’ll subject them to additional pressures from offshore drilling, cross-river hydroelectric plants, and habitats shifted by ocean acidification and sea level rise.

And there will hardly be enough time in a year to manage it all.

 

Didn’t buy the story hook, line, and sinker? Holly welcomes reader feedback at hollyvm “at” stanford.edu. 

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The Seaweed Solution https://stanforddaily.com/2013/09/26/the-seaweed-solution/ https://stanforddaily.com/2013/09/26/the-seaweed-solution/#respond Thu, 26 Sep 2013 16:34:19 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1078851 PACIFIC GROVE, CA – “If you find yourself getting tangled in the kelp,” the commentator said over the loudspeaker, “just relax. The kelp floats, and you’ll come free.” I looked around at my fellow triathletes, poised on the beach by Lovers Point Park awaiting the start of our 1500-meter swim. I didn’t know about them, […]

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PACIFIC GROVE, CA – “If you find yourself getting tangled in the kelp,” the commentator said over the loudspeaker, “just relax. The kelp floats, and you’ll come free.”

I looked around at my fellow triathletes, poised on the beach by Lovers Point Park awaiting the start of our 1500-meter swim. I didn’t know about them, but the hours I’d spent training in the Stanford pool hadn’t included a kelp hazard. There wasn’t much time to worry, though: The horn blared and we plunged into Monterey Bay.

A dozen yards from shore, I found myself in the thick of the kelp bed, alternately taking a few open-water strokes and pulling myself over the slippery brown strands. This late in the season, the giant marine algae are at their peak, stretching from holdfasts anchored to the sea floor up to the bay’s surface, where their buoyant photosynthetic fronds turn sunlight into biomass.

Kelp is one of the fastest-growing organisms around: The species that hosts playful sea otters and vibrant garibaldi fish along the California coast can put on a half-meter of length in a single day. A kelp strand can reach 80 meters in length – about the same yardage that Tyler Gaffney rushed for last Saturday against Arizona State – creating a veritable underwater forest along many cold-water coastlines.

So it’s no surprise that it’s caught the eye of biofuel prospectors around the globe. As marine species that rely on buoyancy to support their physical structure, kelp and other brown algae are light on the tough-to-digest structural compounds like lignin and cellulose, which plague those trying to efficiently convert plant biomass into ethanol. However, they do come with their own unique package of sugars that need to be converted into machine-burnable fuel. But recent advances in biotechnology – which combine the genes of marine herbivores with the fast metabolism of the bacterial lab rat E. coli – are boosting ethanol production efficiency into the range of commercial viability.

Of course, the kelp must still be grown in – and harvested from – the sea. Because there’s currently a relatively small human demand for kelp products, there’s little economic conflict over resource use. (By contrast, the “food vs. fuel” competing uses of corn have caused much head-shaking over the United States corn-based ethanol industry.)

But, there’s also little precedent for producing the amount of kelp biomass that would be needed to make the industry a real competitor in the energy sector.

In Chile, Scotland, and Norway, various firms are experimenting with ways to grow and harvest kelp. Essentially, they must develop extensive trellis systems that can survive tempestuous seas while the juvenile kelp embedded in their frames put on metric tonnes of biomass. They also need to find ideal locations for these kelp farms: Goldilocks-esque situations with nutrient-rich currents to fuel kelp growth, shallow enough for firm anchorage and easy retrieval, yet out of the way of shipping lanes and fishing grounds.

With high hopes of finding and developing these sites, the British government has already written kelp biofuels into its 2050 plan for greenhouse gas emissions reduction. And researchers on the technology front seem optimistic. Still, it’s difficult to know at this stage just how large a corner of the energy market kelp biofuels can capture. And the downstream environmental impacts remain to be seen. Any large-scale installation is sure to affect the surrounding environment, particularly when it involves the growth of nutrient- and light-thirsty seaweed. While on the one hand, artificial kelp beds may serve as stand-in habitat for juvenile fish and other marine creatures, on the other hand, they may also strip the water column of nutrients critical to ecosystems further down-current.

Of course, that’s the same concern environmentalists voice over every new project: We can’t predict the details, but it’s easy to imagine a slough of bad outcomes. Weighing these risks against those associated with climate change – and with some rather nasty fossil fuel extraction techniques like fracking and deep-sea drilling – is a touchy business, but it does seem like kelp biofuel is a technology worth pursuing.

At any rate, I thought, as I floundered through a particularly dense mat of the stuff and dreamt of climbing out of the water and onto my bicycle, here’s at least one kelp forest that could use a trim.

Holly welcomes questions, comments, and pointers on a kelp-dodging forward crawl via email at hollyvm@stanford.edu.

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Let It Burn https://stanforddaily.com/2013/06/07/let-it-burn/ https://stanforddaily.com/2013/06/07/let-it-burn/#respond Fri, 07 Jun 2013 15:08:55 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1077726 MINERAL, CA – If Sierra Nevada granite is built of slates and blues, then Lassen’s volcanic rock is painted in roses and golds, I think as I watch the National Park’s iconic peaks flush at sunset from my perch by Manzanita Lake. The sun-warmed pines beside me scent the air with vanilla, and a few […]

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MINERAL, CA – If Sierra Nevada granite is built of slates and blues, then Lassen’s volcanic rock is painted in roses and golds, I think as I watch the National Park’s iconic peaks flush at sunset from my perch by Manzanita Lake. The sun-warmed pines beside me scent the air with vanilla, and a few whiffs of smoke drift my way from across the lake.

Though I know the charred notes come from nearby campground fires, it’s easy to imagine that they come from the pieces of blackened wood that surround my lakeside perch. The forests of Lassen have always been shaped by fire: Almost everywhere you can find scarred trees, half-burned branches, and other signs of wildfire disturbance.

This year, especially, evidence of fire is rampant. Last summer, the Reading Fire burned through the park. I remember watching helicopters dance with plumes of smoke from the lightning-ignited forest fire when I summitted Brokeoff Mountain in August. Today, a large portion of the park’s trail system remains closed, pending damage and safety inspections.

It’s easy to see these fires as little more than harbingers of destruction. The devastation they leave in their wake is undeniable and, when people’s lives and homes are involved, deeply personal. And for many years, our country’s forest fire management policy reflected these attitudes, especially after devastating wildfires like the Wisconsin Peshtigo Fire, which killed upwards of 1,500 in 1871. When the United States Forest Service was established in 1905, one of its primary missions was suppressing forest fires. This mission served two purposes: protecting lives, and protecting resources. During World War II, the loss of valuable timber to wildfire was deemed unconscionable; in general, wildfires were seen as wasteful.

But over the decades, accumulating scientific evidence began to change authorities’ minds. Beginning in 1924, Aldo Leopold – an ecologist whose writing became a foundational part of the American conservation ethic – began arguing for fire’s critical role in many North American ecosystems. Scientists studying fire suppression noted dramatic changes to the plant and animal systems involved. Without fire to press a “reset” button every once in a while, certain plant species might come to dominate a landscape in which they historically had been rare. As vegetation changes, so too did habitat for birds, insects, and mammals: Some might receive a glut of food, others a shortage of nesting space. And, since fire helps release and recycle nutrients locked up in woody debris, in its absence the function of an entire ecosystem could change.

Besides these changes to the natural system, there were also increasing safety concerns. By actively – and often successfully – fighting fires, the Forest Service and associated agencies had inadvertently allowed dry, dead organic matter to accumulate where it might otherwise have been periodically burned off. That meant that, should a fire actually ignite, it would have plenty of fuel. So fires were burning hotter, longer, and subsequently becoming more dangerous and harder to control.

By the 1970s, to their credit, the Forest Service realized the flaws in their fire control plans, and started to change their ways.

They started by changing their language: from “fire suppression” to “fire management.” Management today focuses on ecosystem restoration. Where manpower is available, fuel on the forest floor is reduced using prescribed burning in well-contained fires, or physically gathered up and removed. When wildfires do ignite (usually by lightning strikes), they are allowed to burn unless they threaten human lives or property. And the National Park Service and other agencies are working to change our attitudes about fire, noting its important role in ecosystem restoration and highlighting the amazing adaptations that many plants and animals have to wildfire.

As our open spaces slowly return to a “natural” fire balance, though, we have to ask ourselves what exactly that word means. Given the long history of humans on the continent, some ecosystems’ fire frequency has long been controlled by human hands. Today’s managers must choose their goals carefully. What baseline are they trying to re-create? How will increasing human usage of all these spaces continue to change the land, and its ability to sustain and recover from fires?

Even if we wanted to, we cannot remove the hand of humans from these landscapes. And, looking out on Mount Lassen at sunset, as a human myself, I’m glad that we are here.

Holly welcomes a firestorm of reader feedback at hollyvm “at” stanford “dot” edu.

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Droning On https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/31/droning-on/ https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/31/droning-on/#respond Fri, 31 May 2013 14:54:05 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1077632 Two days ago, a United States military drone operation in Pakistan killed another Taliban official. The mission was only the latest in a series of more than 350 drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004; Drones play an increasingly important role in US Military operations, where they are used both for reconnaissance and remote attacks over […]

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Two days ago, a United States military drone operation in Pakistan killed another Taliban official. The mission was only the latest in a series of more than 350 drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004; Drones play an increasingly important role in US Military operations, where they are used both for reconnaissance and remote attacks over the Middle East’s notoriously difficult terrain.

While their omnipresence in media coverage of the War on Terror may have permanently associated the word “drone” with “military,” the ingenious pieces of winged technology actually play diverse roles in civilian life, as well. Much as satellites, digital images, and other pieces of military technology have trickled down into everyday life, drones, too, are making the transition.

We’ve long understood the usefulness of eyes in the sky. That’s why the launch of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik satellite spurred a flurry of nationalistic anxiety and innovation. Today, we ecologists use a slough of satellites to collect images from all over Earth’s surface. These images allow us to measure things like changes in sea ice cover, the extent of deforestation, and the amount of photosynthesis that’s going on in the ocean. We also fly airplanes loaded with special sensors to map plant species, detect wildlife, and track animal populations.

These technologies have transformed ecology by giving us new spatial tools with which to conduct our science. Need to calculate the surface area of the planet covered by desert? Break out the satellite images. Want to know how many penguin pairs are nesting in that Antarctic colony? Take a magnifying glass to your aerial photographs.

But as exciting as all these new data sources are, we still hunger for more. Even as technology advances, data collection still requires a carefully gauged tradeoff of financial expense, spatial resolution, and time-consuming leg-work on the ground. For example, satellite images, while astounding in their global coverage, usually don’t have the resolution to pick out individual trees – or even icebergs. Manned aircraft are incredibly expensive to build and fly. And walking hundreds of transects over difficult terrain can provide heaps of useful, specific data but little overall perspective.

Enter the drone.

Rebranded “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles” or UAVs for their nonmilitary lives, they range in size from a few ounces to a few dozen pounds. Price scales accordingly, but perfectly serviceable models can be had for just a couple thousand dollars – orders of magnitude cheaper than manned planes or helicopters. Because no human lives are at stake during their operation, UAVs can undertake riskier tasks, like tracking forest fires or flying into the face of hurricanes. Their size and maneuverability means they can fly lower, capturing higher-resolution data than satellites or even airplanes.

Of course, much of the promise of UAVs is still just that – promises. As the vehicles themselves become more efficient, and the sensor equipment they carry becomes lightweight and more affordable, their usage will quickly expand. Indeed, they’re already being used, both for basic ecological science, and for conservation biology. South African game reserves use drones to track the movements of poachers; the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society uses them to track the Japanese whaling fleet.

Domestically, UAVs will likely see a lot of use in America’s agricultural heartland. They can be put to very practical use by farmers, who can use the drones to quickly survey their crops for insect damage or drought stress, or track animal herds as they roam grazing land. By giving farmers the means to rapidly and efficiently respond to changes on their land, drones will save time, money, and natural resources.

Drones can also be used for a variety of other environmental monitoring purposes, like tracking compliance with regulations, monitoring pipelines for signs of spills, and keeping tabs on the spread of pollutants. And animal rights activists are already planning flyovers of factory farms to monitor animal treatment practices.

Obviously, the use of drones could quickly get out of hand. Virginia and Idaho are putting laws on the books to protect citizen privacy; other groups worry about what new clutter in US airspace might mean for the safety of manned aircraft.

The Federal Aviation Administration is slated to begin issuing commercial permits for UAVs in 2015. Many legal battles over privacy will surely take place before, and after, that deadline. But either way, expect the use of drones in science – and elsewhere – to increase exponentially.

Holly welcomes reader questions, comments, and model airplane designs via email at hollyvm “at” stanford “dot” edu. 

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Science’s Beautiful Uncertainty https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/24/sciences-beautiful-uncertainty/ https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/24/sciences-beautiful-uncertainty/#comments Fri, 24 May 2013 14:45:57 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1077419 Two months ago, I got a very nerdy science tattoo. I’d been debating the tattoo for a couple of years, but of course, no sooner had my new ink finally healed, than a high-profile new study emerged revising the numbers I’d just permanently engraved on my skin. My first instinct was to run back to […]

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Two months ago, I got a very nerdy science tattoo. I’d been debating the tattoo for a couple of years, but of course, no sooner had my new ink finally healed, than a high-profile new study emerged revising the numbers I’d just permanently engraved on my skin.

My first instinct was to run back to the tattoo parlor to have some footnotes added. But then I remembered that, no matter how inaccurate science later proved my tattoo to be, it still represented a historically fundamental idea in oceanography. As a teaching tool, it would never die.

This realization prompted a lively discussion at departmental Happy Hour a couple of weeks ago as we enumerated all the ways you could scientifically date yourself with a tattoo. For example, what if you’d been an early 20th century geek with the plum pudding model of the atom on your pectoral? Or you’d pre-dated Copernicus with sketches of the sun orbiting the Earth?

Biology is a field full of models iteratively amended or discarded. The very structure of DNA – so fundamental to our contemporary understanding of genetics – was solved just sixty years ago; the evolutionary tree of life seems to undergo dramatic revisions every other day. (Over the weekend, my Dad had shocking news for me about the relative positioning of sponges and comb jellies. Clearly, he and I share some genetic predispositions for nerdiness.)

“We really stand on the shoulders of giants, don’t we?” I said to Dad. “Evolution makes so much sense as a framework to build on. But without Darwin, I’d be floundering around trying to fit the pieces together.”

Dad agreed. “Sometimes,” he said, “I remind myself that science is ‘non-sense.’ Not of our senses. Like Galileo’s work. The idea of the Earth orbiting the sun is all backwards compared to the evidence we see – this small ball that moves from side to side of our world.”

“Yeah,” I said, “Sometimes I don’t think I understand it – not really.”

“I guess your next tattoo will be string theory, then,” Dad quipped.

I think what Dad and I – and so many scientists – love about our field is that very feeling of stretching beyond the bounds of our own understanding. We relish the mystery, the discovery. We embrace the risk of being wrong because we know that our work is inherently a process of guess-and-check, of revision and re-revision. We record data and collect facts, but fitting them together into a model of how the world works is the true challenge.

It’s a challenge we must face with care. In his final lecture to our graduate biochemistry class at MIT, Professor Frank Solomon told us that our greatest task was gaining the wisdom to know when we were wrong. How, he asked, would we know when one scientific model had to be discarded in favor of another? Would we have been early adopters of plate tectonics theory? Would we have listened to Barbara McClintock’s evidence for transposable elements?

Science, he reminded us, is not about ego, not about being right. It’s about collecting evidence, measuring uncertainty, and keeping the unknown at the front of our minds. Scientific discovery, I sometimes think, is like falling in love. It’s simultaneously exhilarating and terrifying, and all we crave is more time to try to figure things out.

But there’s never enough time. We often need to make policy decisions with “the best information available.” And no matter how good that information is, the very process of science compels us to acknowledge that it is incomplete.

So, when we are asked about climate change, ecosystem recovery, or a chemical’s health hazards, we answer with probabilities and percentages. These must not be very satisfying answers to a Gulf Coast homeowner, a wildlife manager, or a worried mother. Especially when advocacy groups and lobbyists are eager to tug on the heartstrings with anecdotes and slogans.

But they are still the best answers.

They are the answers that allow us to understand, rather than ricochet aimlessly from one extreme viewpoint to another. They are the answers that allow us to quantify, and to see in shades of gray.

And after all, that’s what we humans are good at. From price tags to relationships to career choices, most aspects of our lives involve uncertainty and analysis. Thus, we’re all capable of being students of science – of weighing evidence, changing our minds, and making educated decisions. And we should take pride in that, even if it means explaining the scientific foibles of our latest tattoo.

Holly welcomes questions, comments, and hypothesis testing at hollyvm “at” stanford “dot” edu.

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The Great Northern Science Freeze-Out https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/10/the-great-northern-science-freeze-out/ https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/10/the-great-northern-science-freeze-out/#comments Fri, 10 May 2013 14:41:17 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1077110 I have a big crush on Canada. I love the country’s beautiful, unpopulated expanses. I adore its friendly, warm people. My favorite part of watching playoff hockey is hearing the announcers’ Canadian accents. And in general, I thought of the country’s sociopolitical attitudes as falling closer to my own liberal values. I hoped that some […]

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I have a big crush on Canada.

I love the country’s beautiful, unpopulated expanses. I adore its friendly, warm people. My favorite part of watching playoff hockey is hearing the announcers’ Canadian accents. And in general, I thought of the country’s sociopolitical attitudes as falling closer to my own liberal values. I hoped that some of our northern neighbor’s forward thinking on equality and environmental protection might rub off on the United States.

Now, I’ve changed my mind: Canada is in trouble.

Perhaps I shouldn’t be surprised. After all, before Stephen Harper became Prime Minister in 2006, he wrote a memo calling the Kyoto Protocol – an international agreement to address climate change – a “socialist conspiracy” that was wasting time trying to regulate carbon dioxide, which everyone knows is a nutrient, not a pollutant. Not only did the memo reveal a woeful disregard for scientific knowledge (yes, carbon dioxide is used by plants to grow, but it’s also a potent greenhouse gas emitted by human activity and responsible for climate change), but it foreshadowed Canada’s divestment from the Kyoto objectives in 2007 and, ultimately, withdrawal altogether in December 2011.

By dropping out, Harper and the Conservative government also neatly ducked a series of penalties for failing to meet promises of emissions reductions. And that’s a very good thing, given their unswerving commitment to drilling Alberta’s tar sands.

The tar sands are an economic gold mine in today’s fossil fuel-crazed world, but that’s about all they have going for them. They’re environmentally costly – you’ve got to clear pristine forest and contaminate local groundwater to extract the sludgy bitumen trapped in the geological matrix – and not particularly efficient – the return on investment is about 6 joules of energy out for every 1 input, compared to 15:1 in conventional North American oil production. Plus, by grounding yet another pillar of the Canadian economy in natural resource extraction, they drown out development in other, more sustainable, sectors.

All right, so I might not agree with Canada’s choice to prioritize economy over environment, but it’s the responsibility of that country’s voters to check that decision. So long as they’re properly informed.

That’s the latest worry in Canada, where the government seems happy to pull the curtain over scientific progress whenever it conflicts with its political interests.

In the past year, Canada’s made the news for a series of science policy decisions that suggest scientific discovery – and, worse, honest scientific communication – are low on its priority list.

A year ago, the federal government announced plans to defund several long-term research facilities, including the Experimental Lakes Area (home to landmark discoveries about water pollution that transformed policy around the world) and the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Lab (key to understanding changes in high-latitude airspace). The government claimed these closures would save money. Sure: a whopping $3.5 million, less than a twentieth of a percent of an $11 billion Science and Technology budget. The move drew worldwide protest and, as of last week, a promise from the Ontario (Liberal) government to step and temporarily pick up the tab of the Experimental Lakes Area.

More damning, though, are accusations that the government has been muzzling its scientists. The “media protocol” implemented by Harper’s government in 2008 requires government scientists to clear all interview requests with higher-ups before speaking to journalists. Some of these requests are never granted – or are so delayed by the bureaucratic practice that they take the scientists out of the fast-paced media cycle. Furthermore, the protocol also instructs officials to “[ask] the programme expert to respond with approved lines.” That is, to say only what the government wants the people to hear.

As a result, according to a complaint by the University of Victoria’s Environmental Law Centre, Canadians have lost access to important information about declining fisheries stocks, a new Arctic ozone hole, and a host of other environmental issues.  Last month, Canada’s Information Commission finally agreed to investigate the complaint – hopefully before the government’s information cloak completely undermines public debate.

You see, an informed citizen base is the cornerstone of democracy. The work of government scientists is funded by, and should inform, those citizens. When Canada starts cutting corners, it sends an alarming global message about priorities and censorship.

That’s a message that hopefully won’t prove contagious. Yesterday, President Obama issued an executive order insisting that government information be open and highly accessible, traits that he believes strengthen the United States in the long run. Wouldn’t you agree?

 Holly welcomes reader questions, comments, and open dialogue via email at hollyvm “at” stanford “dot” edu.

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The EPA’s Procrastination Problem https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/03/epa-procrastination-problem/ https://stanforddaily.com/2013/05/03/epa-procrastination-problem/#respond Fri, 03 May 2013 15:07:32 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1076948 I am a procrastinator. Frankly, most of us are, to some extent. (And if you’re one of those rare get-the-job-done-immediately types, feel free to gloat quietly in your corner.) But checking Facebook several dozen times when I should be writing this column, or pulling the occasional exam cram session, is nothing compared to the massive […]

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I am a procrastinator. Frankly, most of us are, to some extent. (And if you’re one of those rare get-the-job-done-immediately types, feel free to gloat quietly in your corner.)

But checking Facebook several dozen times when I should be writing this column, or pulling the occasional exam cram session, is nothing compared to the massive dawdling job that the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s doing when it comes to regulating greenhouse gas emissions.

Late last month, the EPA missed its own deadline to impose a new rule on carbon dioxide emissions from new power plants. The “New Source Performance Standard” would have applied only to plants built after the rule’s passage, limiting their emissions to 1,000 pounds of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity generated. The emissions cap, while plausible for natural gas-fired plants and, of course, for renewable energy sources, would have halted construction of coal-fired power plants, at least until technology improves.

This latest bureaucratic blunder is only the latest stall in a series of legal battles stretching back 14 years.

Back in 1999, before most Americans had even heard of global warming, the EPA was petitioned to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles. It took a decade for the petition, its associated lawsuits – and, ultimately, a Supreme Court ruling – to force the EPA to agree that, yes, greenhouse gas emissions pose a threat to the American public and the environment. And, under the Clean Air Act, the EPA now had legal standing to regulate these emissions.

Of course, deciding you ought to do something, and actually doing it, are two different things.

It was 2011 before any regulations came into force, and most of 2012 was consumed by promises and proposals, followed by this year’s ball dropping. The pattern is frustratingly predictable: The EPA stalls. Lawsuits are filed to force the Agency’s hand. Years are spent in courtrooms before the EPA is legally compelled to take action. At least ten states are threatening to sue over this latest episode, accusing the EPA of failing to take action in the face of scientific consensus that the Agency itself has acknowledged.

But for every environmentally proactive state, there’s a slough of opposing commercial interests.

By doing nothing, the EPA upholds the status quo – and a very comfortable status quo it is, particularly for the oil and gas industry. Obviously, those who make their living off our addiction to fossil fuels would hate to see their profits damped by restrictions on the carbon dioxide inevitably emitted by the combustion reaction. And the rest of us cringe at the thought of rising prices or restrictions on our energy consumption. That’s why we cling to phrases like “clean coal” and the idea that we’ll be able to use America’s abundant coal reserves in a future, zero-emissions lifestyle.

Unfortunately,  “clean coal” is a myth, at least for now.

Certainly, there is such a thing as “cleaner coal.” After all, “cleanliness” used to refer to the degree of secondary pollution associated with coal power plants, like asthma-inducing soot, acid rain, and smog. By adding scrubbers, increasing smokestack height, and taking some pre-processing steps, the coal industry cleaned up in part (under the supervision of none other than the EPA). But cleaning coal of carbon emissions is a much harder task.

When politicians bandy about the term “clean coal,” they’re usually referring to carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. In theory, CCS is a multi-step process that collects carbon dioxide emissions at their generation site, packages them up, and stashes them somewhere safe (for example, tucked away in geological formations, or chemically transformed into stable carbonate compounds). And it does work in practice – just not at the scale coal-fired power plants would need to meet the EPA’s new standard.

Where CCS technology is advancing, so too are concerns: How do the additional energy requirements of capture and transport affect the efficiency of electricity generation? Which geological features are stable enough to store carbon dioxide? How securely will they hold it, and for how long?

So perhaps it’s no wonder that the EPA is waffling. The United States has a pressing need to join the rest of the developed world in facing the realities of climate change. Prevention – or, at least, reduction in magnitude – is the first, best solution. But if the technology’s not there, and a world without coal-fired power is too frightening, what else is there to do but wait?

Holly welcomes reader questions, comments, and carbon capture devices at hollyvm “at” stanford “dot” edu.

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The Stanford Daily, September 18, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/10/03/the-stanford-daily-september-18-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/10/03/the-stanford-daily-september-18-2012/#respond Wed, 03 Oct 2012 08:33:59 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1071384 DAILY 09.18.12

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DAILY 09.18.12

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The Stanford Daily, August 16, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/08/16/the-stanford-daily-august-16-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/08/16/the-stanford-daily-august-16-2012/#respond Thu, 16 Aug 2012 07:00:26 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1069783 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published August 16, 2012.

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DAILY 08.16.12

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The Stanford Daily, August 09, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/08/09/the-stanford-daily-august-09-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/08/09/the-stanford-daily-august-09-2012/#respond Thu, 09 Aug 2012 07:00:29 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1069576 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published August 09, 2012.

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DAILY 08.09.12

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The Stanford Daily, August 2, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/08/02/the-stanford-daily-august-2-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/08/02/the-stanford-daily-august-2-2012/#respond Thu, 02 Aug 2012 07:00:18 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1069496 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published August 2, 2012.

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DAILY 08.02.12

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The Stanford Daily, July 26, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/26/the-stanford-daily-july-26-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/26/the-stanford-daily-july-26-2012/#respond Thu, 26 Jul 2012 07:00:13 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1069116 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published July 26, 2012.\

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WEEKLY 07.26.12

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The Stanford Daily, July 19, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/19/the-stanford-daily-july-19-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/19/the-stanford-daily-july-19-2012/#respond Thu, 19 Jul 2012 07:00:33 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1068899 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published July 19, 2012

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WEEKLY 07.19.12

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The Stanford Daily, July 12, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/12/the-stanford-daily-july-12-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/12/the-stanford-daily-july-12-2012/#respond Thu, 12 Jul 2012 07:00:58 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1068689 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published July 12, 2012.

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WEEKLY 07.12.12

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The Stanford Daily, July 5, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/05/the-stanford-daily-july-5-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/07/05/the-stanford-daily-july-5-2012/#respond Thu, 05 Jul 2012 07:00:41 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1068460 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, July 5, 2012.

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DAILY 07.05.12

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Commencement: The Stanford Daily, June 15, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/06/17/commencement-the-stanford-daily-june-15-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/06/17/commencement-the-stanford-daily-june-15-2012/#comments Sun, 17 Jun 2012 07:00:18 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1068294 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published June 15, 2012.

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DAILY 06.15.12

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The Stanford Daily, June 7, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/06/07/the-stanford-daily-june-7-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/06/07/the-stanford-daily-june-7-2012/#respond Thu, 07 Jun 2012 07:00:13 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1068193 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published June 7, 2012.

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DAILY 06.07.12

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The Stanford Daily, June 1, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/06/01/the-stanford-daily-june-1-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/06/01/the-stanford-daily-june-1-2012/#respond Fri, 01 Jun 2012 07:00:26 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1068003 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published June 1, 2012.

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DAILY 06.01.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 31, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/31/the-stanford-daily-may-31-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/31/the-stanford-daily-may-31-2012/#respond Thu, 31 May 2012 07:00:27 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067887 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 31, 2012.

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DAILY 05.31.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 30, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/30/the-stanford-daily-may-30-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/30/the-stanford-daily-may-30-2012/#respond Wed, 30 May 2012 07:00:41 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067793 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 30, 2012.

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DAILY 05.30.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 29, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/29/the-stanford-daily-may-29-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/29/the-stanford-daily-may-29-2012/#respond Tue, 29 May 2012 07:00:53 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067705 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 29, 2012.

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DAILY 05.29.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 25, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/25/the-stanford-daily-may-25-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/25/the-stanford-daily-may-25-2012/#respond Fri, 25 May 2012 07:00:29 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067543 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 25, 2012.

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DAILY 05.25.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 24, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/24/the-stanford-daily-may-24-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/24/the-stanford-daily-may-24-2012/#respond Thu, 24 May 2012 07:00:12 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067341 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 24, 2012.

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DAILY 05.24.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 23, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/23/the-stanford-daily-may-23-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/23/the-stanford-daily-may-23-2012/#respond Wed, 23 May 2012 07:00:01 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067278 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 23, 2012.

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DAILY 05.23.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 22, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/22/the-stanford-daily-may-22-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/22/the-stanford-daily-may-22-2012/#respond Tue, 22 May 2012 07:00:22 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067201 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 22, 2012.

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DAILY 05.22.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 21, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/21/the-stanford-daily-may-21-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/21/the-stanford-daily-may-21-2012/#respond Mon, 21 May 2012 07:00:12 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1067036 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 21, 2012.

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DAILY 05.21.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 18, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/18/the-stanford-daily-may-18-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/18/the-stanford-daily-may-18-2012/#respond Fri, 18 May 2012 07:00:58 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1066850 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 18, 2012.

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DAILY 05.18.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 17, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/17/the-stanford-daily-may-17-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/17/the-stanford-daily-may-17-2012/#respond Thu, 17 May 2012 07:00:09 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1066655 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 17, 2012.

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DAILY 05.17.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 16, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/16/the-stanford-daily-may-16-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/16/the-stanford-daily-may-16-2012/#respond Wed, 16 May 2012 07:00:44 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1066553 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 16, 2012.

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DAILY 05.16.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 15, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/15/the-stanford-daily-may-15-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/15/the-stanford-daily-may-15-2012/#respond Tue, 15 May 2012 07:00:08 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1066442 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 15, 2012.

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DAILY 05.15.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 14, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/14/the-stanford-daily-may-14-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/14/the-stanford-daily-may-14-2012/#respond Mon, 14 May 2012 07:00:22 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1066283 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 14, 2012.

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DAILY 05.14.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 11, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/11/the-stanford-daily-may-11-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/11/the-stanford-daily-may-11-2012/#respond Fri, 11 May 2012 07:00:15 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1066172 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 11, 2012.

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DAILY 05.11.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 10, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/10/the-stanford-daily-may-10-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/10/the-stanford-daily-may-10-2012/#respond Thu, 10 May 2012 07:00:59 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1066013 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 10, 2012.

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DAILY 05.10.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 9, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/09/the-stanford-daily-may-9-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/09/the-stanford-daily-may-9-2012/#respond Wed, 09 May 2012 07:00:22 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1065906 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 9, 2012.

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DAILY 05.09.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 8, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/08/the-stanford-daily-may-8-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/08/the-stanford-daily-may-8-2012/#respond Tue, 08 May 2012 07:00:06 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1065821 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 8, 2012.

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DAILY 05.08.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 7, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/07/the-stanford-daily-may-7-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/07/the-stanford-daily-may-7-2012/#respond Mon, 07 May 2012 07:00:16 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1065732 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 7, 2012.

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DAILY 05.07.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 5, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/04/the-stanford-daily-may-5-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/04/the-stanford-daily-may-5-2012/#respond Fri, 04 May 2012 07:00:37 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1065591 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 5, 2012.

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DAILY 05.04.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 3, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/03/the-stanford-daily-may-3-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/03/the-stanford-daily-may-3-2012/#respond Thu, 03 May 2012 07:00:31 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1065428 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 3, 2012.

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DAILY 05.03.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 2, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/02/the-stanford-daily-may-2-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/02/the-stanford-daily-may-2-2012/#respond Wed, 02 May 2012 07:00:36 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1065292 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 2, 2012.

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DAILY 05.02.12

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The Stanford Daily, May 1, 2012 https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/01/the-stanford-daily-may-1-2012/ https://stanforddaily.com/2012/05/01/the-stanford-daily-may-1-2012/#respond Tue, 01 May 2012 07:00:24 +0000 https://stanforddaily.com/?p=1065180 Print edition of The Stanford Daily, published May 1, 2012.

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DAILY 05.01.12

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